BIOS 255 Week 8 Exam 3 (Week 5, 6 and 7) Review

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Contributor

Matthew Lillard

Category

Biosciences

Course

BIOS 255 Anatomy And Physiology III With Lab

Institute

Chamberlain

Pages

13

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Introduction to immune system Functions of the immune system Protect the body from and fight off pathogens Two major forms of immunity with three lines of defense Non-specific Resistance (Innate Immunity) – Immune defense mechanisms you are born with Physical and Chemical barriers – first line of defense Skin Mucous membranes Sebum Perspiration Internal defenses - Second line of defense Inflammation Interferon Compliment Fever NK cells (Immunological surveillance) Phagocytosis Specific Resistance (Adaptive Immunity; Third line of defense) Cell mediated immunity Antibody mediated immunity Overview of Innate (non-specific) defenses  Non-phagocyte killing Granulocytes release chemical granzymes to attack local pathogens Neutrophils – bacteria Eosinophils – parasitic worms, allergies, and inflammation NK cells  Recognition and attachment  Secretion of perforins and granzymes  Lysis and detachment  Phagocytosis Chemotaxis Adhesion Engulfment Formation of a phagosome Add digestive enzymes to vesicle with the pathogen killing the pathogen Endocytosis of residual body Antimicrobial proteins Interferons – interfere with viral replication Complement – cascade of proteins join to form a membrane attach complex that lyses the membrane of the pathogen Pyrogens – cause a fever Exogenous – from outside the cell Endogenous – released from body cells like neutrophils and macrophages (Ex: Interleukin I) Inflammation is triggered by inflammatory chemicals; the four cardinal signs of inflammation are: Redness (Rubor) Swelling (Tumor) Heat (Calor) Pain (Dolor) Overview of Adaptive (specific) immunity, antigens, and antigen processing Specific defenses Specificity: Highly specific to the antigen against which the third line of defense is directed. Immunity against one disease does not provide immunity for any other disease. Inducibility: Lymphocytes are activated only in response to specific antigens. Clonality: Proliferation of a particular lymphocyte occurs once induced. Unresponsiveness to self: Lymphocytes that attack self-antigens (your own body’s cells) are destroyed by a process called clonal deletion. This is also called self-tolerance. Memory: After an initial exposure (sensitization) to an antigen, lymphocytes produce an enhanced response upon subsequent exposures. The rate of production and persistence of antibodies is greatly increased compared to the first exposure. This is also called the secondary or anamnestic response. Cell mediated immunity Carried out by T-cell lymphocytes Triggered by endogenous antigens MCH II antigen presenting triggers the activation of Helper T-cells MCH I antigen presenting triggers the activation of Cytotoxic T-cells Required interaction with infected human cells Antibody mediated immunity Carried out by B-cell lymphocytes Triggered by exogenous antigens MHC II antigen presenting triggers the activation of B cells Memory B-cells Plasma cells that create antibodies Requires antigen and antibody interaction Antigens – molecules that the body reacts with to elicit a response from the immune system Proteins in a cell membrane Entire pathogens Epitopes – Usually there is a specific part of the membran

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